Holly

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{{taxobox| color = lightgreen| name = Holly| image = Ilex-aquifolium (Europaeische Stechpalme-1.jpg| image_width = 240px| image_caption = Ilex aquifolium leaves and fruit| regnum = Plantae]| classis = dicotyledon| ordo = Aquifoliales| genus = Ilex| genus_authority = [Carolus Linnaeus| subdivision_ranks = Species and reduced, sterile [Carpel; (below) shoot with flowers from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing stigma and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen.

Holly (Ilex) is a genus of about 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only genus in that family. They are shrubs and trees from 2–25 m tall, with a wide distribution in Asia, Europe, north Africa, and North America and South America. The leaf are simple, and can be either deciduous or evergreen depending on the species, and may be entire, finely toothed, or with widely-spaced, spine-tipped serrations. Hollies are mostly Plant sexuality, with male and female flowers on different plants, with some exceptions. Pollination is mainly by bees and other insects. The fruit is a small berry, usually red when mature, with one to ten seeds.

Selected species {||- valign=top|

Ilex ambigua – Sand Holly
Ilex amelanchier – Swamp Holly
Ilex aquifolium – European Holly
Ilex bioritsensis
Ilex buergeri
Ilex canariensis – Small-leaved Holly
Ilex cassine – Dahoon Holly
Ilex centrochinensis
Ilex ciliospinosa
Ilex colchica
Ilex collina
Ilex corallina
Ilex coriacea – Gallberry
Ilex cornuta – Chinese Holly
Ilex crenata – Japanese Holly
Ilex cyrtura
Ilex decidua – Possumhaw
Ilex dehongensis
Ilex dimorphophylla
Ilex dipyrena – Himalayan Holly
Ilex fargesii
Ilex geniculata
Ilex georgei
Ilex glabra – Gallberry, Inkberry
Ilex goshiensis
Ilex guayusa
Ilex integra
Ilex intricata
Ilex kingiana
Ilex kudingcha
Ilex kusanoi

Ilex laevigata
Ilex latifolia – Tarajo Holly
Ilex leucoclada
Ilex longipes
Ilex macrocarpa
Ilex macropoda
Ilex mitis
Ilex montana – Mountain Winterberry
Ilex mucronata – Mountain Holly
Ilex myrtifolia – Myrtle Holly
Ilex nothofagifolia
Ilex opaca – American Holly
Ilex paraguariensis –Yerba Mate
Ilex pedunculosa
Ilex perado – Madeiran Holly
Ilex pernyi – Perny's Holly
Ilex pringlei
Ilex pubescens
Ilex purpurea
Ilex rotunda
Ilex rugosa
Ilex serrata – Japanese Winterberry
Ilex sikkimensis
Ilex spinigera
Ilex sugerokii
Ilex tolucana
Ilex verticillata – American Winterberry
Ilex vomitoria – Yaupon Holly
Ilex wilsonii
Ilex yunnanensis

|}Sources: Germplasm Resources Information Network: Ilex species list Flora of China: Ilex species list Flora of Ecuador: Ilex Flora Europaea: Ilex species list Flora of Nepal: Ilex species list USDA Plants Profile: Ilex

Holly berries are mildly toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by human. However they are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the fall and early winter the berries are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the berries soften, and become edible. During winter storms, birds often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from predators (by the spiny leaves), and food. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the larva of the Double-striped Pug moth. Other Lepidoptera whose larvae feed on holly include Bucculatricidae (which feeds exclusively on holly) and the Engrailed.

The species Ilex mucronata, formerly treated in a separate genus Nemopanthus, is now included in Ilex on molecular data; it is closely related to Ilex amelanchier.Powell, M., Savolainen, V., Cuénod, P., Manen, J. F., & Andrews, S. (2000). The mountain holly (Nemopanthus mucronatus: Aquifoliaceae) revisited with molecular data. Kew Bulletin 55: 341–347.Gottlieb, A. M., Giberti, G. C., & Poggio, L. (2005). Molecular analyses of the genus Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) in southern South America, evidence from AFLP and ITS sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 92: 352-369. Available online.

Etymology The origin of the word holly is Old English language , which is related to Old High German (the French language word for holly, , derives from the German word). These Germanic languages words appear to be related to words for holly in Celtic languages, such as Welsh language and Irish language .

The botanical name ilex was the original Latin name for the Holm Oak Quercus ilex, which has similar foliage to common holly, and is occasionally confused with it.

Uses holly bush.In many western cultures, holly is a traditional Christmas decoration, used especially in wreaths. Many of the hollies are highly decorative, and are widely used as ornamental plants in gardens and parks. The wood is heavy, hard and white; one traditional use is for chess pieces, with holly for the white pieces, and ebony for the black. Other uses include turnery, inlay work and as firewood. Looms in the 1800s used holly for the spinning rod. Because holly is dense and can be sanded very smooth, the rod was less likely than other woods to snag threads being used to make cloth.

Several Americas holly species are used to make various caffeine rich teas. The South America I. paraguariensis is used to make yerba mate, a common drink. Ilex guayusa is used both as a stimulant and as an admixture to the entheogenic tea ayahuasca; The leaves of I. guayusa have the highest caffeine content of any known plant. In North America and Central America, Ilex vomitoria, Yaupon holly, was used by southeastern Native Americans in the United States as a ceremonial stimulant and emetic known as the black drink. As the name suggests, the tea's purgative properties were one of its main uses, most often ritually. In China, the young leaf buds of Ilex kudingcha are processed in a method similar to green tea to make a tisane called Ku Ding tea.

Holly shrubs and trees are often used by homeowners and landscape architects for home security purposes. The sharp thorns of many species deter unauthorised persons from entering private properties, and may prevent break-ins if planted under windows and near drainpipes. The aesthetic characteristics of holly plants, in conjunction with their home security qualities, makes them a good choice for hedge (barrier).Northumbria Police: Security starts at the Garden Gate

References

HollyWilloughby.co.uk
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BBC - CBBC - Home
Children's BBC channel, featuring competitions, quizzes, fun and games, cartoons, chat, listings, information about presenters and celebrities.

holly.org::horticultural online image library of plants, gardens ...
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Holly Lodge Girls' College Queens Drive West Derby Liverpool Merseyside L13 0AE T: 0151 2283772

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HOLLY SPRING JUNIOR SCHOOL
Junior School in Bracknell, offering quality education for 7-11 year olds. Welcome to the award winning website of Holly Spring Junior School

Holly - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Holly (Ilex) is a genus of about 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. One other genus, the monotypic Nemopanthus ...

Welcome to Holly Bush Park.
Family run touring caravan and camping site at Culmhead. Includes guide to the local area, details of facilities and tariff.

Daily Star: Simply The Best 7 Days A Week :: Star Babes :: Holly ...
Daily Star :: Star Babes :: Holly Mcguire :: The very latest news, sport and showbiz from Britain's most successful newspaper - updated 24/7!